WPA_SUPPLICANT(8) WPA_SUPPLICANT(8)
NAME
wpa_supplicant - Wi-Fi Protected Access client and IEEE 802.1X suppli-
cant
SYNOPSIS
wpa_supplicant [ -BddehLqqvw ] [ -iifname ] [ -cconfig file ] [
-Ddriver ]
OVERVIEW
Wireless networks do not require physical access to the network equip-
ment in the same way as wired networks. This makes it easier for unau-
thorized users to passively monitor a network and capture all transmit-
ted frames. In addition, unauthorized use of the network is much eas-
ier. In many cases, this can happen even without user’s explicit knowl-
edge since the wireless LAN adapter may have been configured to auto-
matically join any available network.
Link-layer encryption can be used to provide a layer of security for
wireless networks. The original wireless LAN standard, IEEE 802.11,
included a simple encryption mechanism, WEP. However, that proved to be
flawed in many areas and network protected with WEP cannot be consider
secure. IEEE 802.1X authentication and frequently changed dynamic WEP
keys can be used to improve the network security, but even that has
inherited security issues due to the use of WEP for encryption. Wi-Fi
Protected Access and IEEE 802.11i amendment to the wireless LAN stan-
dard introduce a much improvement mechanism for securing wireless net-
works. IEEE 802.11i enabled networks that are using CCMP (encryption
mechanism based on strong cryptographic algorithm AES) can finally be
called secure used for applications which require efficient protection
against unauthorized access.
wpa_supplicant is an implementation of the WPA Supplicant component,
i.e., the part that runs in the client stations. It implements WPA key
negotiation with a WPA Authenticator and EAP authentication with
Authentication Server. In addition, it controls the roaming and IEEE
802.11 authentication/association of the wireless LAN driver.
wpa_supplicant is designed to be a "daemon" program that runs in the
background and acts as the backend component controlling the wireless
connection. wpa_supplicant supports separate frontend programs and an
example text-based frontend, wpa_cli, is included with wpa_supplicant.
Before wpa_supplicant can do its work, the network interface must be
available. That means that the physical device must be present and
enabled, and the driver for the device must have be loaded. Note, how-
ever, that the ’-w’ option of the wpa_supplicant daemon instructs the
daemon to continue running and to wait for the interface to become
available. Without the ’-w’ option, the daemon will exit immediately
if the device is not already available.
After wpa_supplicant has configured the network device, higher level
configuration such as DHCP may proceed. There are a variety of ways to
integrate wpa_supplicant into a machine’s networking scripts, a few of
which are described in sections below.
The following steps are used when associating with an AP using WPA:
· wpa_supplicant requests the kernel driver to scan neighboring BSSes
· wpa_supplicant selects a BSS based on its configuration
· wpa_supplicant requests the kernel driver to associate with the cho-
sen BSS
· If WPA-EAP: integrated IEEE 802.1X Supplicant or external Xsupplicant
completes EAP authentication with the authentication server (proxied
by the Authenticator in the AP)
· If WPA-EAP: master key is received from the IEEE 802.1X Supplicant
· If WPA-PSK: wpa_supplicant uses PSK as the master session key
· wpa_supplicant completes WPA 4-Way Handshake and Group Key Handshake
with the Authenticator (AP)
· wpa_supplicant configures encryption keys for unicast and broadcast
· normal data packets can be transmitted and received
SUPPORTED FEATURES
Supported WPA/IEEE 802.11i features:
· WPA-PSK ("WPA-Personal")
· WPA with EAP (e.g., with RADIUS authentication server) ("WPA-Enter-
prise") Following authentication methods are supported with an inte-
grate IEEE 802.1X Supplicant:
· EAP-TLS
· EAP-PEAP/MSCHAPv2 (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)
· EAP-PEAP/TLS (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)
· EAP-PEAP/GTC (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)
· EAP-PEAP/OTP (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)
· EAP-PEAP/MD5-Challenge (both PEAPv0 and PEAPv1)
· EAP-TTLS/EAP-MD5-Challenge
· EAP-TTLS/EAP-GTC
· EAP-TTLS/EAP-OTP
· EAP-TTLS/EAP-MSCHAPv2
· EAP-TTLS/EAP-TLS
· EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2
· EAP-TTLS/MSCHAP
· EAP-TTLS/PAP
· EAP-TTLS/CHAP
· EAP-SIM
· EAP-AKA
· EAP-PSK
· EAP-PAX
· LEAP (note: requires special support from the driver for IEEE
802.11 authentication)
· (following methods are supported, but since they do not generate
keying material, they cannot be used with WPA or IEEE 802.1X WEP
keying)
· EAP-MD5-Challenge
· EAP-MSCHAPv2
· EAP-GTC
· EAP-OTP
· key management for CCMP, TKIP, WEP104, WEP40
· RSN/WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)
· pre-authentication
· PMKSA caching
AVAILABLE DRIVERS
The available drivers to specify with the -D option are:
hostap (default) Host AP driver (Intersil Prism2/2.5/3). (this can
also be used with Linuxant DriverLoader).
hermes Agere Systems Inc. driver (Hermes-I/Hermes-II).
madwifi
MADWIFI 802.11 support (Atheros, etc.).
atmel ATMEL AT76C5XXx (USB, PCMCIA).
wext Linux wireless extensions (generic).
ndiswrapper
Linux ndiswrapper.
broadcom
Broadcom wl.o driver.
ipw Intel ipw2100/2200 driver.
wired wpa_supplicant wired Ethernet driver
bsd BSD 802.11 support (Atheros, etc.).
ndis Windows NDIS driver.
COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
-B Run daemon in the background.
-i ifname
Interface to listen on.
-c filename
Path to configuration file.
-D driver
Driver to use. See the available options below.
-d Increase debugging verbosity (-dd even more).
-K Include keys (passwords, etc.) in debug output.
-t Include timestamp in debug messages.
-e Use external IEEE 802.1X Supplicant (e.g., xsupplicant) (this
disables the internal Supplicant).
-h Help. Show a usage message.
-L Show license (GPL and BSD).
-q Decrease debugging verbosity (-qq even less).
-v Show version.
-w wait for interface to be added, if needed. normally, wpa_sup-
plicant will exit if the interface is not there yet.
-N Start describing new interface.
EXAMPLES
In most common cases, wpa_supplicant is started with:
wpa_supplicant -Bw -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0
This makes the process fork into background and wait for the wlan0
interface if it is not available at startup time.
The easiest way to debug problems, and to get debug log for bug
reports, is to start wpa_supplicant on foreground with debugging
enabled:
wpa_supplicant -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -iwlan0 -d
wpa_supplicant can control multiple interfaces (radios) either by run-
ning one process for each interface separately or by running just one
process and list of options at command line. Each interface is sepa-
rated with -N argument. As an example, following command would start
wpa_supplicant for two interfaces:
wpa_supplicant \
-c wpa1.conf -i wlan0 -D hostap -N \
-c wpa2.conf -i ath0 -D madwifi
OS REQUIREMENTS
Current hardware/software requirements:
· Linux kernel 2.4.x or 2.6.x with Linux Wireless Extensions v15 or
newer
· FreeBSD 6-CURRENT
· Microsoft Windows with WinPcap (at least WinXP, may work with other
versions)
SUPPORTED DRIVERS
Host AP driver for Prism2/2.5/3 (development snapshot/v0.2.x)
(http://hostap.epitest.fi/) Driver needs to be set in Managed
mode (’iwconfig wlan0 mode managed’). Please note that station
firmware version needs to be 1.7.0 or newer to work in WPA mode.
Linuxant DriverLoader
(http://www.linuxant.com/driverloader/) with Windows NDIS driver
for your wlan card supporting WPA.
Agere Systems Inc. Linux Driver
(http://www.agere.com/support/drivers/) Please note that the
driver interface file (driver_hermes.c) and hardware specific
include files are not included in the wpa_supplicant
distribution. You will need to copy these from the source pack-
age of the Agere driver.
madwifi driver for cards based on Atheros chip set (ar521x)
(http://sourceforge.net/projects/madwifi/) Please note that you
will need to modify the wpa_supplicant .config file to use the
correct path for the madwifi driver root directory (CFLAGS +=
-I../madwifi/wpa line in example defconfig).
ATMEL AT76C5XXx driver for USB and PCMCIA cards
(http://atmelwlandriver.sourceforge.net/).
Linux ndiswrapper
(http://ndiswrapper.sourceforge.net/) with Windows NDIS driver.
Broadcom wl.o driver
This is a generic Linux driver for Broadcom IEEE 802.11a/g
cards. However, it is proprietary driver that is not publicly
available except for couple of exceptions, mainly Broadcom-based
APs/wireless routers that use Linux. The driver binary can be
downloaded, e.g., from Linksys support site
(http://www.linksys.com/support/gpl.asp) for Linksys WRT54G. The
GPL tarball includes cross-compiler and the needed header file,
wlioctl.h, for compiling wpa_supplicant. This driver support in
wpa_supplicant is expected to work also with other devices based
on Broadcom driver (assuming the driver includes client mode
support).
Intel ipw2100 driver
(http://sourceforge.net/projects/ipw2100/)
Intel ipw2200 driver
(http://sourceforge.net/projects/ipw2200/)
Linux wireless extensions
In theory, any driver that supports Linux wireless extensions
can be used with IEEE 802.1X (i.e., not WPA) when using
ap_scan=0 option in configuration file.
Wired Ethernet drivers
Use ap_scan=0.
BSD net80211 layer (e.g., Atheros driver)
At the moment, this is for FreeBSD 6-CURRENT branch.
Windows NDIS
The current Windows port requires WinPcap (http://win-
pcap.polito.it/). See README-Windows.txt for more information.
wpa_supplicant was designed to be portable for different drivers and
operating systems. Hopefully, support for more wlan cards and OSes will
be added in the future. See developer.txt for more information about
the design of wpa_supplicant and porting to other drivers. One main
goal is to add full WPA/WPA2 support to Linux wireless extensions to
allow new drivers to be supported without having to implement new
driver-specific interface code in wpa_supplicant.
ARCHITECTURE
The wpa_supplicant system consists of the following components:
wpa_supplicant.conf
the configuration file describing all networks that the user
wants the computer to connect to.
wpa_supplicant
the program that directly interacts with the network interface.
wpa_cli
the client program that provides a high-level interface to the
functionality of the daemon.
wpa_passphrase
a utility needed to construct wpa_supplicant.conf files that
include encrypted passwords.
QUICK START
First, make a configuration file, e.g. /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf, that
describes the networks you are interested in. See wpa_supplicant(5)
for details.
Once the configuration is ready, you can test whether the configuration
works by running wpa_supplicant with following command to start it on
foreground with debugging enabled:
wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -d
Assuming everything goes fine, you can start using following command to
start wpa_supplicant on background without debugging:
wpa_supplicant -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -B
Please note that if you included more than one driver interface in the
build time configuration (.config), you may need to specify which
interface to use by including -D<driver name> option on the command
line.
INTERFACE TO PCMCIA-CS/CARDMRG
For example, following small changes to pcmcia-cs scripts can be used
to enable WPA support:
Add MODE="Managed" and WPA="y" to the network scheme in /etc/pcm-
cia/wireless.opts.
Add the following block to the end of ’start’ action handler in
/etc/pcmcia/wireless:
if [ "$WPA" = "y" -a -x /usr/local/bin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
/usr/local/bin/wpa_supplicant -Bw -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -i$DEVICE
fi
Add the following block to the end of ’stop’ action handler (may need
to be separated from other actions) in /etc/pcmcia/wireless:
if [ "$WPA" = "y" -a -x /usr/local/bin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
killall wpa_supplicant
fi
This will make cardmgr start wpa_supplicant when the card is plugged
in. wpa_supplicant will wait until the interface is set up--either when
a static IP address is configured or when DHCP client is started--and
will then negotiate keys with the AP.
SEE ALSO
wpa_background(8) wpa_supplicant.conf(5) wpa_cli(8) wpa_passphrase(8)
LEGAL
wpa_supplicant is copyright (c) 2003-2005, Jouni Malinen <jkma-
line@cc.hut.fi> and contributors. All Rights Reserved.
This program is dual-licensed under both the GPL version 2 and BSD
license. Either license may be used at your option.
08 February 2006 WPA_SUPPLICANT(8)
